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# : Continuing Education for Nurses in California

## Sitemaps
[XML Sitemap](https://platinumlearningce.org/sitemap_index.xml): Includes all crawlable and indexable pages.

## Posts
- [LPN (Licensed Practical Nurse) vs RN (Registered Nurse): Key Differences, Salary, Education, Duties, and Career Path](https://platinumlearningce.org/lpn-vs-rn/): A Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN), known as a Licensed Vocational Nurse (LVN) in California, provides basic patient care under the supervision of a Registered Nurse (RN) or physician, while an RN assesses patients, develops care plans, and coordinates treatment across the full nursing team. The LVN path takes about one year to complete and leads to entry-level clinical roles in hospitals, nursing homes, and clinics. The RN path takes two to four years and opens roles in acute care, specialty units, and nursing leadership, with room to advance into an Advanced Practice Registered Nurse (APRN) role such as a Nurse Practitioner. This guide compares LVN and RN education, licensing, scope of practice, salary, and career advancement in California, so you can match the right path to your goals.
- [Veracity in Nursing: Definition, Examples, Importance, and Ethical Practice](https://platinumlearningce.org/veracity-in-nursing/): Veracity in nursing means telling patients and colleagues the complete, accurate truth about a diagnosis, treatment, or clinical event. It is one of the core ethical principles that guide nursing practice, alongside beneficence, nonmaleficence, autonomy, fidelity, and justice. Veracity builds trust between nurses and patients, supports informed decision-making, and protects patient safety. Nurses apply veracity in diagnosis conversations, medication counseling, error disclosure, health education, and end-of-life discussions.
- [How to Become an LVN in California: Step-by-Step Career Guide](https://platinumlearningce.org/how-to-become-an-lvn/): Becoming a Licensed Vocational Nurse (LVN) in California requires four steps: complete a Board of Vocational Nursing and Psychiatric Technicians (BVNPT) approved program, apply for licensure, pass the National Council Licensure Examination for Practical Nursing (NCLEX-PN), and receive your license. The LVN path takes about 12 to 18 months for most candidates and costs between $6,000 and $20,000, depending on the school.
- [Fidelity in Nursing: Definition, Examples, Importance, and Ethical Practice](https://platinumlearningce.org/fidelity-in-nursing/): Fidelity in nursing means keeping promises and honoring professional commitments to patients, colleagues, and the nursing profession. It is one of the seven core ethical principles that guide nursing practice, alongside veracity, beneficence, nonmaleficence, autonomy, justice, and accountability. Fidelity builds trust between nurses and patients, strengthens the nurse-patient relationship, and supports professional accountability across the healthcare team.
- [Code Grey in Healthcare: A Complete Guide for Nurses and Healthcare Professionals](https://platinumlearningce.org/grey-code-hospital/): A code grey in a hospital is an overhead alert that calls a trained response team to a combative or aggressive person who does not have a weapon. Hospitals use the code grey hospital protocol to protect patients, staff, and visitors during a behavioral emergency, while keeping details away from the general public address announcements that patients and families hear.

## Pages
- [New Home](https://platinumlearningce.org/): - BRN & BVNPT Approved Provider
- [LVN continuing education california](https://platinumlearningce.org/lvn-ce-california/): - Complete Your California LVN CE Online
- [LPT License](https://platinumlearningce.org/psychiatric-technician-license-renewal-california/): - California BVNPT Approved Provider
- [Registered nurse](https://platinumlearningce.org/rn-ce-california/): RN CE California refers to the continuing education (CE) a Registered Nurse (RN) completes to renew an active license with the California Board of Registered Nursing (BRN). The BRN requires 30 contact hours every two years. The package above covers the full requirement in a single purchase.
- [APRN CE California](https://platinumlearningce.org/aprn-ce-california/): APRN CE California means the continuing education an Advanced Practice Registered Nurse (APRN) completes to renew an active license with the California Board of Registered Nursing (BRN). California APRNs, including Nurse Practitioners (NPs), Clinical Nurse Specialists (CNSs), Certified Nurse-Midwives (CNMs), and Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists (CRNAs), need 30 contact hours every two years, the same baseline the BRN sets for Registered Nurses (RNs).
- [California LPT CE Course](https://platinumlearningce.org/california-lpt-ce-course/): 🎉 Complete Your California psychiatric technician continuing education Online — Full 30-Hour Package for Only $29.99 | Instant Certificate Upon Completion
- [Certificates](https://platinumlearningce.org/certificates/): Courses Certificates Infection Control and Barrier Precautions Medical Error Prevention Enhancing Empathy and Rapport for Nursing Care Pornography Addiction: Recognition and Treatment Preventative Care: Annual COVID and Flu Updates Chronic Pain: Assessment and Management Domestic Violence, a Significant Public Health Problem Nursing Care for Patients Who Have Experienced Trauma HIV Primary Care: A Review Neurocognitive Disorders: A Review Substance Use Disorders and Implications for Nursing Resilience in Nursing Recognizing Implicit Bias and Its Effects on Nursing Care Developing Effective Patient Education Materials Complimentary Alternative Medicine (Dietary Supplements) The Impact of Advances in Obesity Science on Nursing Care Nursing Management of Patients Using Marijuana and Other Cannabis Products
- [Evaluation- Pornography Addiction: Recognition and Treatment](https://platinumlearningce.org/evaluation-pornography-addiction-recognition-and-treatment/): Please complete the following for each course you have completed. Mark the circle that best matches your evaluation of the question.
- [Refund and Returns Policy](https://platinumlearningce.org/refund_returns/): Our refund and returns policy lasts 30 days. If 30 days have passed since your purchase, we can’t offer you a full refund or exchange.
- [EVALUATION – Substance Use Disorders and Implications for Nursing](https://platinumlearningce.org/evaluation-substance-use-disorders-and-implications-for-nursing/): Please complete the following for each course you have completed. Mark the circle that best matches your evaluation of the question.
- [EVALUATION – The Impact of Advances in Obesity Science on Nursing Care](https://platinumlearningce.org/evaluation-the-impact-of-advances-in-obesity-science-on-nursing-care/): Please complete the following for each course you have completed. Mark the circle that best matches your evaluation of the question.
- [EVALUATION – Chronic Pain: Assessment and Management](https://platinumlearningce.org/evaluation-chronic-pain-assessment-and-management/): Please complete the following for each course you have completed. Mark the circle that best matches your evaluation of the question.
- [EVALUATION – Recognizing Implicit Bias and Its Effects on Nursing Care](https://platinumlearningce.org/evaluation-recognizing-implicit-bias-and-its-effects-on-nursing-care/): Please complete the following for each course you have completed. Mark the circle that best matches your evaluation of the question.
- [EVALUATION – Nursing Care for Patients Who Have Experienced Trauma](https://platinumlearningce.org/evaluation-nursing-care-for-patients-who-have-experienced-trauma/): Please complete the following for each course you have completed. Mark the circle that best matches your evaluation of the question.
- [EVALUATION – HIV Primary Care: A Review](https://platinumlearningce.org/evaluation-hiv-primary-care-a-review/): Please complete the following for each course you have completed. Mark the circle that best matches your evaluation of the question.
- [EVALUATION – Neurocognitive Disorders: A Review](https://platinumlearningce.org/evaluation-neurocognitive-disorders-a-review/): Please complete the following for each course you have completed. Mark the circle that best matches your evaluation of the question.
- [EVALUATION – Resilience in Nursing](https://platinumlearningce.org/evaluation-resilience-in-nursing/): Please complete the following for each course you have completed. Mark the circle that best matches your evaluation of the question.
- [Domestic Violence, a Significant Public Health Problem](https://platinumlearningce.org/domestic-violence-a-significant-public-health-problem/): Please complete the following for each course you have completed. Mark the circle that best matches your evaluation of the question.
- [Map & Directions](https://platinumlearningce.org/map-directions/): If you would like to visit us, here is a map of our location.
- [About Us](https://platinumlearningce.org/about-us/): Platinum Learning is a licensed provider of continuing professional development in California, dedicated to helping healthcare professionals advance their careers in the healthcare industry. We have comprehensive programs and courses tailored specifically to meet California’s continuing education requirements for nurses and healthcare professionals. Our commitment to excellence is reflected in our accreditation and licensing, ensuring that our programs meet the highest standards of quality and relevance. From cutting-edge medical advancements to evolving healthcare policies and patient care methodologies, our courses are curated to equip nurses and healthcare professionals with the latest industry knowledge.
- [Terms & Conditions](https://platinumlearningce.org/terms-conditions/): The copyright of this website and its contents belong to Platinum Learning. Any form of redistribution or reproduction of part or the entirety of the contents is prohibited except for:
- [Frequently Asked Questions](https://platinumlearningce.org/frequently-asked-questions/): Below, you can find the most frequently asked questions about our services.
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- [All Courses](https://platinumlearningce.org/free-nursing-ceus-california/): Explore our diverse array of comprehensive courses here.
- [Privacy Policy](https://platinumlearningce.org/privacy-policy/): Effective Date: February 2024

## Memberships
- [Register Your Account](https://platinumlearningce.org/register/register-your-account/)
- [Registration for Free Courses](https://platinumlearningce.org/register/registration-for-free-courses/)
- [Pornography Addiction: Recognition and Treatment](https://platinumlearningce.org/register/pornography-addiction-recognition-and-treatment/)
- [Certificate Pornography Addiction: Recognition and Treatment](https://platinumlearningce.org/register/certificate-pornography-addiction-recognition-and-treatment/)
- [Chronic Pain: Assessment and Management](https://platinumlearningce.org/register/chronic-pain-assessment-and-management/)
- [Certificate Chronic Pain: Assessment and Management](https://platinumlearningce.org/register/certificate-chronic-pain-assessment-and-management/)
- [The Impact of Advances in Obesity Science on Nursing Care](https://platinumlearningce.org/register/the-impact-of-advances-in-obesity-science-on-nursing-care/)
- [Certificate The Impact of Advances in Obesity Science on Nursing Care](https://platinumlearningce.org/register/certificate-the-impact-of-advances-in-obesity-science-on-nursing-care/)
- [Recognizing Implicit Bias and Its Effects on Nursing Care](https://platinumlearningce.org/register/recognizing-implicit-bias-and-its-effects-on-nursing-care/)
- [Certificate Recognizing Implicit Bias and Its Effects on Nursing Care](https://platinumlearningce.org/register/certificate-recognizing-implicit-bias-and-its-effects-on-nursing-care/)
- [Nursing Care for Patients Who Have Experienced Trauma](https://platinumlearningce.org/register/nursing-care-for-patients-who-have-experienced-trauma/)
- [Certificate Nursing Care for Patients Who Have Experienced Trauma](https://platinumlearningce.org/register/certificate-nursing-care-for-patients-who-have-experienced-trauma/)
- [Developing Effective Patient Education Materials](https://platinumlearningce.org/register/developing-effective-patient-education-materials/)
- [Certificate Developing Effective Patient Education Materials](https://platinumlearningce.org/register/certificate-developing-effective-patient-education-materials/)
- [Complimentary Alternative Medicine (Dietary Supplements)](https://platinumlearningce.org/register/complimentary-alternative-medicine-dietary-supplements/)
- [Certificate Complimentary Alternative Medicine (Dietary Supplements)](https://platinumlearningce.org/register/certificate-complimentary-alternative-medicine-dietary-supplements/)
- [Resilience in Nursing](https://platinumlearningce.org/register/resilience-in-nursing/)
- [Certificate Resilience in Nursing](https://platinumlearningce.org/register/certificate-resilience-in-nursing/)
- [Preventative Care: Annual COVID and Flu Updates](https://platinumlearningce.org/register/preventative-care-annual-covid-and-flu-updates/)
- [Certificate Preventative Care: Annual COVID and Flu Updates](https://platinumlearningce.org/register/certificate-preventative-care-annual-covid-and-flu-updates/)
- [HIV Primary Care: A Review](https://platinumlearningce.org/register/hiv-primary-care-a-review/)
- [Certificate HIV Primary Care: A Review](https://platinumlearningce.org/register/certificate-hiv-primary-care-a-review/)
- [Neurocognitive Disorders: A Review](https://platinumlearningce.org/register/neurocognitive-disorders-a-review/)
- [Certificate Neurocognitive Disorders: A Review](https://platinumlearningce.org/register/certificate-neurocognitive-disorders-a-review/)
- [Domestic Violence, a Significant Public Health Problem](https://platinumlearningce.org/register/domestic-violence-a-significant-public-health-problem/)
- [Certificate Domestic Violence, a Significant Public Health Problem](https://platinumlearningce.org/register/certificate-domestic-violence-a-significant-public-health-problem/)
- [Medical Error Prevention](https://platinumlearningce.org/register/medical-error-prevention/)
- [Certificate Medical Error Prevention](https://platinumlearningce.org/register/certificate-medical-error-prevention/)
- [Substance Use Disorders and Implications for Nursing](https://platinumlearningce.org/register/substance-use-disorders-and-implications-for-nursing/)
- [Certificate Substance Use Disorders and Implications for Nursing](https://platinumlearningce.org/register/certificate-substance-use-disorders-and-implications-for-nursing/)
- [Enhancing Empathy and Rapport for Nursing Care](https://platinumlearningce.org/register/enhancing-empathy-and-rapport-for-nursing-care/)
- [Certificate Enhancing Empathy and Rapport for Nursing Care](https://platinumlearningce.org/register/certificate-enhancing-empathy-and-rapport-for-nursing-care/)
- [Nursing Management of Patients Using Marijuana and Other Cannabis Products](https://platinumlearningce.org/register/nursing-management-of-patients-using-marijuana-and-other-cannabis-products/)
- [Certificate Nursing Management of Patients Using Marijuana and Other Cannabis Products](https://platinumlearningce.org/register/certificate-nursing-management-of-patients-using-marijuana-and-other-cannabis-products/)
- [Certificate Infection Control and Barrier Precautions](https://platinumlearningce.org/register/infection-control-and-barrier-precautions-certificate/)
- [Infection Control and Barrier Precautions](https://platinumlearningce.org/register/infection-control-and-barrier-precautions/)
- [Complete Membership Package](https://platinumlearningce.org/register/complete-membership-package/)
- [California Licensed Psychiatric Technicians CE Package](https://platinumlearningce.org/register/california-licensed-psychiatric-technicians-ce-package/)
- [California Licensed Vocational Nurse CE Package](https://platinumlearningce.org/register/california-licensed-vocational-nurse-ce-package/)
- [California Registered Nurse CE Package](https://platinumlearningce.org/register/california-registered-nurse-ce-package/)

## Courses
- [Nursing Management of Patients Using Marijuana and Other Cannabis Products](https://platinumlearningce.org/courses/nursing-management-of-patients-using-marijuana-and-other-cannabis-products/): Licensed Psychiatric Technicians, review courses for free, pay a small fee of $29.99 and get certificates for 30 contact hours
- [Enhancing Empathy and Rapport for Nursing Care](https://platinumlearningce.org/courses/enhancing-empathy-and-rapport-for-nursing-care/): Licensed Psychiatric Technicians, review courses for free, pay a small fee of $29.99 and get certificates for 30 contact hours
- [Substance Use Disorders and Implications for Nursing](https://platinumlearningce.org/courses/substance-use-disorders-and-implications-for-nursing/): Licensed Psychiatric Technicians, review courses for free, pay a small fee of $29.99 and get certificates for 30 contact hours
- [Infection Control and Barrier Precautions](https://platinumlearningce.org/courses/infection-control-and-barrier-precautions/): Licensed Psychiatric Technicians, review courses for free, pay a small fee of $29.99 and get certificates for 30 contact hours
- [Medical Error Prevention](https://platinumlearningce.org/courses/medical-error-prevention/): Licensed Psychiatric Technicians, review courses for free, pay a small fee of $29.99 and get certificates for 30 contact hours
- [Domestic Violence, a Significant Public Health Problem](https://platinumlearningce.org/courses/domestic-violence-a-significant-public-health-problem/): Licensed Psychiatric Technicians, review courses for free, pay a small fee of $29.99 and get certificates for 30 contact hours
- [Neurocognitive Disorders: A Review](https://platinumlearningce.org/courses/neurocognitive-disorders-a-review/): Licensed Psychiatric Technicians, review courses for free, pay a small fee of $29.99 and get certificates for 30 contact hours
- [HIV Primary Care: A Review](https://platinumlearningce.org/courses/hiv-primary-care-a-review/): Licensed Psychiatric Technicians, review courses for free, pay a small fee of $29.99 and get certificates for 30 contact hours
- [Preventative Care: Annual COVID and Flu Updates](https://platinumlearningce.org/courses/preventative-care-annual-covid-and-flu-updates/): Licensed Psychiatric Technicians, review courses for free, pay a small fee of $29.99 and get certificates for 30 contact hours
- [Resilience in Nursing](https://platinumlearningce.org/courses/resilience-in-nursing/): Licensed Psychiatric Technicians, review courses for free, pay a small fee of $29.99 and get certificates for 30 contact hours
- [Complimentary Alternative Medicine (Dietary Supplements)](https://platinumlearningce.org/courses/complimentary-alternative-medicine-dietary-supplements/): Licensed Psychiatric Technicians, review courses for free, pay a small fee of $29.99 and get certificates for 30 contact hours
- [Developing Effective Patient Education Materials](https://platinumlearningce.org/courses/developing-effective-patient-education/): Licensed Psychiatric Technicians, review courses for free, pay a small fee of $29.99 and get certificates for 30 contact hours
- [Nursing Care for Patients Who Have Experienced Trauma](https://platinumlearningce.org/courses/nursing-care-for-patients-who-have-experienced-trauma/): Licensed Psychiatric Technicians, review courses for free, pay a small fee of $29.99 and get certificates for 30 contact hours
- [Recognizing Implicit Bias and Its Effects on Nursing Care](https://platinumlearningce.org/courses/recognizing-implicit-bias-and-its-effects-on-nursing-care/): Licensed Psychiatric Technicians, review courses for free, pay a small fee of $29.99 and get certificates for 30 contact hours
- [The Impact of Advances in Obesity Science on Nursing Care](https://platinumlearningce.org/courses/the-impact-of-advances-in-obesity-science-on-nursing-care/): Licensed Psychiatric Technicians, review courses for free, pay a small fee of $29.99 and get certificates for 30 contact hours
- [Chronic Pain: Assessment and Management](https://platinumlearningce.org/courses/chronic-pain-assessment-and-management/): Licensed Psychiatric Technicians, review courses for free, pay a small fee of $29.99 and get certificates for 30 contact hours
- [Pornography Addiction: Recognition and Treatment](https://platinumlearningce.org/courses/pornography-addiction-recognition-and-treatment/): Licensed Psychiatric Technicians, review courses for free, pay a small fee of $29.99 and get certificates for 30 contact hours

## Lessons
- [Complete Course Evaluation to Earn Credit for this course](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/complete-course-evaluation-to-earn-credit-for-this-course-8/): Please complete the following for each course you have completed. Mark the circle that best matches your evaluation of the question.
- [Complete Course Evaluation to Earn Credit for this course](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/complete-course-evaluation-to-earn-credit-for-this-course-7/): Please complete the following for each course you have completed. Mark the circle that best matches your evaluation of the question.
- [Complete Course Evaluation to Earn Credit for this course](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/complete-course-evaluation-to-earn-credit-for-this-course-6/): Please complete the following for each course you have completed. Mark the circle that best matches your evaluation of the question.
- [Complete Course Evaluation to Earn Credit for this course](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/complete-course-evaluation-to-earn-credit-for-this-course-5/): Please complete the following for each course you have completed. Mark the circle that best matches your evaluation of the question.
- [Complete Course Evaluation to Earn Credit for this course](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/complete-course-evaluation-to-earn-credit-for-this-course-4/): Please complete the following for each course you have completed. Mark the circle that best matches your evaluation of the question.
- [Complete Course Evaluation to Earn Credit for this course](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/complete-course-evaluation-to-earn-credit-for-this-course-3/): Please complete the following for each course you have completed. Mark the circle that best matches your evaluation of the question.
- [Complete Course Evaluation to Earn Credit for this course](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/complete-course-evaluation-to-earn-credit-for-this-course-2/): Please complete the following for each course you have completed. Mark the circle that best matches your evaluation of the question.
- [Complete Course Evaluation to Earn Credit for this course](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/complete-course-evaluation-to-earn-credit-for-this-course/)
- [References](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/references-11/): Adamson, S. J., Kay-Lambkin, F. J., Baker, A. L., Lewin, T. J., Thornton, L., Kelly, B. J., & Sellman, J. D. (2010). An improved brief measure of cannabis misuse: The Cannabis Use Disorders Identification Test-Revised (CUDIT-R). Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 110(1), 137–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.02.017
- [Course Completion](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/course-completion-2/): Congratulations on completing this course!
- [Scientific consensus for special populations](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/scientific-consensus-for-special-populations/): Throughout this course, we have briefly discussed various guidelines and best practices for cannabis use among vulnerable and at-risk groups.
- [Managing use: Priority nursing interventions and education](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/managing-use-priority-nursing-interventions-and-education/): Nursing professionals play a crucial role in educating patients on how to safely manage their cannabis use at home. For example, several studies have shown that cannabis products with high THC-to-CBD ratios may improve pain control, but their use is often limited by side effects like dizziness and sedation (McDonagh et al., 2022). Additionally, frequent cannabis use is also associated with a higher number of outpatient, inpatient, and emergency department visits alongside increased risks of injuries in the community (Phillips et al., 2022). Patient education plays a critical role in improving the safety of medical marijuana use, especially among patients at a higher risk of adverse events. By providing education on safe cannabis use (including safe administration and dosage titration), nurses can help patients grow their self-management skills.
- [Monitoring use: Potential therapeutic effects and contraindications](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/monitoring-use-potential-therapeutic-effects-and-contraindications/): Many cannabis products are sold with the intention of providing some therapeutic benefit to the patient. From pain relief to anxiety reduction, patients are looking to benefit from the many therapeutic effects of medical marijuana. Equally important is understanding potential contraindications and adverse effects, including cannabis-drug interactions, mental health consequences, and the risk of cannabis dependency. This section will delve into the best practices for monitoring cannabis use, ensuring safe and effective outcomes for patients.
- [Understanding use: Pharmacological data and clinical evidence](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/understanding-use-pharmacological-data-and-clinical-evidence/): So far, we have discussed the two primary phytocannabinoids found in marijuana – THC and CBD – and how they interact with the endocannabinoid system. We also reviewed trends toward increasing supply and use of medical marijuana products in the United States. With increased consumption of cannabis products for medical purposes, a growing body of clinical evidence is now beginning to highlight key indications for the use of cannabis products under medical supervision (Britch et al., 2021). Supporting patients who wish to use cannabis products requires current knowledge of product formulations, methods for consumption, and pharmacologic considerations.
- [Introduction to marijuana and cannabinoid-containing products](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/introduction-to-marijuana-and-cannabinoid-containing-products/): From prohibition to legalization, the United States has a diverse legal and regulatory landscape for marijuana and cannabinoid-containing products. Patients may ask questions about the therapeutic risks and benefits associated with cannabis use, and nursing advice may vary from state-to-state. As nursing professionals, it is critical to understand the types of cannabis products available to patients and their potential effects on human health. This course aims to provide you with essential knowledge to enable evidence-informed care and safe monitoring of marijuana and related products in clinical practice.
- [Learning Objectives](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/learning-objectives-9/): Explore the current legal status and trends in marijuana use in the United States. Describe the endocannabinoid system, common product formulations and methods of cannabis consumption, including their effects on the human body. Identify important adverse events, contraindications, cannabis-drug interactions, and risks related to the use of cannabis products. Discuss best practices for patient education and harm-reducing practices related to cannabis use, reviewing priority nursing considerations for dosage adjustment, cannabis self-management, driving, safer supply, and smoking cessation. Assess patient-specific risk factors and introduce special considerations for use among: youth; pregnant and breastfeeding women; individuals with a history of psychiatric or substance use disorders; and other special populations.
- [Course Description](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/course-description-3/): This course reviews the current science and emerging trends related to marijuana and cannabinoid-containing products. The physiology of the endocannabinoid system will be reviewed in the context of various cannabis formulations and methods of consumption. Evidence-based guidelines will also be summarized in a way that informs nursing responsibilities for screening, assessment, patient education, and advocacy. The course also examines the therapeutic effects and contraindications of marijuana and cannabinoid-containing products, highlighting opportunities for patient education and harm reduction practices. This discussion extends to special populations who may use cannabis, including pregnant women, individuals with chronic pain or psychiatric disorders, and older adults.
- [Course Certicate](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/course-certicate/): For certificate, you need spend $20.Click on this button to purchase the course.
- [Lesson no 2](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/lesson-no-2/)
- [Lesson no 1](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/lesson-no-1/)
- [References](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/references-10/): Ahmadpour, B., Ghafourifard, M., & Ghahramanian, A. (2020). Trust towards nurses who care for haemodialysis patients: A cross‐sectional study. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 34(4), 1010–1016. https://doi.org/10.1111/scs.12809
- [Course Completion](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/course-completion/): We’ve covered a lot of ground in this course!  At the same time, many of the skills reviewed are likely to have felt familiar.
- [Best Practices for Specific Clinical Contexts](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/best-practices-for-specific-clinical-contexts/): Empathy is also developmental milestone which requires the mastery of several cognitive skills in early childhood (Decety & Holvoet, 2021).
- [Trust: The Psychology of Connection](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/trust-the-psychology-of-connection/): We have briefly reviewed the importance of trust when discussing empathy and rapport; however, why is trust so necessary to building connection with your patients?
- [Rapport: The Art of Caring for Patients](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/rapport-the-art-of-caring-for-patients/): In the previous section, we learned that empathy allows us to recognize emotions, grow deeper understandings of other people, and acknowledge differences between our self and others (Malezieux et al., 2023).  We have not yet discussed how empathy produces a supportive relationship between the nurse and patient, also known as rapport (Figure 5).
- [Empathy: The Science of Knowing Others](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/empathy-the-science-of-knowing-others-3/): Empathy is a complex nursing intervention guided by a wide variety of moral, cognitive, affective and behavioral skills (Mercer & Reynolds, 2002).
- [The Importance of Empathy and Rapport](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/the-importance-of-empathy-and-rapport-2/): In today’s busy healthcare environments, the lack of time allocated for nursing care is a common barrier to establishing empathy and rapport.
- [Learning Objectives](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/learning-objectives-8/): Introduce key research and social trends highlighting the ongoing importance of empathy and rapport within nursing practice. Explore why care may sometimes lack empathy, briefly reviewing the concepts of stigma, discrimination, and distancing in modern care environments. Compare emotional and cognitive empathy styles, introducing key clinical skills known to strengthen therapeutic empathy within the research literature. Build awareness of the importance of rapport in caring for patients, reviewing communication skills and technological considerations for strengthening therapeutic alliance and collaboration in nursing practice. Discuss and reflect on the psychology of trust, reviewing both when and how trust may be broken, and how to recognize signs of mistrust within the therapeutic nurse-patient relationship. Discuss best practices for adapting communication to fit specific clinical contexts, including: developmental considerations; grief, loss and adjustment; mental health conditions; and, language and communication barriers. Consolidate existing knowledge of how to apply communication strategies to build empathy and rapport, promote information sharing and improve patient outcomes.
- [10. References](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/10-references/): AHRQ’s Patient safety initiative: Building foundations, reducing risk | AHRQ archive. (2019). Ahrq.gov. https://archive.ahrq.gov/research/findings/final-reports/pscongrpt/psini2.html
- [9. Post Test](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/9-post-test/)
- [8. Conclusion](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/8-conclusion/): Humans are fallible, and there will always be a risk of them performing or participating in medical errors. The goal is to recognize the areas that present the most risk of occurrence and implement methods to try to reduce them or catch them early enough so steps can be taken to minimize their harm.
- [7. Future Methods to Reduce Medical Errors](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/7-future-methods-to-reduce-medical-errors/): Artificial intelligence has become a tremendous boon in multiple industries, including healthcare. “AI is a broad term that includes machine learning, natural language processing, rule-based expert systems, physical robots, and robotic process automation.” (Hall & Fitall, 2020)
- [6. Management and Evaluation of Medical Errors](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/6-management-and-evaluation-of-medical-errors/): The Joint Commission requires all accredited health facilities to establish a mechanism for the identification, management, and follow-up of all sentinel events that result in death, permanent harm, or severe, temporary harm. Sentinel events do not need to be reported to the TJC. However, if they are, health facilities should report them within 45 days of occurrence.
- [5. Case Study: ER handoff error example](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/5-case-study-er-handoff-error-example/): One of The Joint Commission’s (TJC) sentinel event alerts of Inadequate Handoff Communication was the basis for a webinar they created to review one reported event. This case study is a summary of that medical error event.
- [4. The Joint Commission (TJC) Sentinel Events](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/4-the-joint-commission-tjc-sentinel-events/): In 1996, TJC developed a Sentinel Event Policy to help health organizations recognize and learn from serious events impacting patient safety and quality. These events are called “sentinel” because they signal the need for immediate investigation and response. TJC requires all accredited hospitals to have their own policy and system for identifying, reporting, and managing their sentinel events.
- [3. Causes of Medical Errors](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/3-causes-of-medical-errors/): Identifying the cause of medical errors requires analysis on both a micro and macro level
- [2. Types of Medical Errors](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/2-types-of-medical-errors/): The book Human Error, written in 1990 by James Reason, is considered to be the "bible of error theory." Current research, practices, and writings regularly refer to his early concepts. (Leape, 2021)
- [1. Definition of Medical Errors](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/1-definition-of-medical-errors/): The definition of a medical error does not have a single descriptive statement. One of the most often cited definitions is "the failure of a planned action to be completed as intended or the use of a wrong plan to achieve an aim," (Rodziewicz et al., 2023). This definition originally was from the report To Err is Human: Building a Safer Health System, published in 2000 by the Institute of Medicine (IOM), now called the National Academy of Medicine. (Bates & Singh, 2018)
- [Introduction](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/introduction-11/): Medical errors are not like stocking the wrong item on a grocery store shelf or forgetting to remove the gas nozzle from the gas tank and driving off in your car. Medical errors strike fear in the hearts and stomachs of clinicians, patients, and their families as they sometimes cause death, prolonged infirmity, disability, or other lifelong impairments.
- [References](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/references-9/): American Nurses Association. (2015). Code of ethics for nurses with interpretive statements. Silver Spring, MD: Author.
- [7. Sepsis](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/7-sepsis/): Sepsis is a critical condition that is considered a medical emergency and demands prompt recognition and treatment. Within the context of hospital data gathering, the terms are defined as follows:
- [6. Occupational Health Strategies for Infection Control](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/6-occupational-health-strategies-for-infection-control/): Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at an increased risk of acquiring infectious and communicable diseases due to their occupational exposure to patients and potentially infectious materials. Implementing effective occupational health strategies is crucial for assessing, preventing, and controlling infections and communicable diseases among HCWs. This chapter will discuss key definitions, pre-placement and periodic health assessments, management strategies for potentially communicable conditions, specific occupational health strategies for bloodborne pathogen prevention, post-exposure evaluation and management, and the evaluation of HCWs infected with bloodborne pathogens.
- [5. Prevention of Transmission Through Engineering and Work Practice Controls in Healthcare Settings](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/5-prevention-of-transmission-through-engineering-and-work-practice-controls-in-healthcare-settings/): Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are a significant concern in healthcare settings, and various strategies, such as engineering controls, safe injection practices, and work practice controls, can be employed to reduce the risk of transmission. Engineering controls are designed to isolate or remove hazards from the workplace. In contrast, work practice controls focus on altering the manner in which tasks are performed to minimize the risk of exposure (Occupational et al. Administration , 2012).
- [4. Infection Control Through Cleaning, Disinfection, and Sterilization](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/4-infection-control-through-cleaning-disinfection-and-sterilization/): In healthcare settings, it is crucial to maintain a safe environment for patient care by applying infection control principles and practices for cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization.
- [3. Transmission-Based Precautions](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/3-transmission-based-precautions/): Contact precautions are implemented for patients who are known or suspected to be. Infected or colonized with multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) or other pathogens transmitted by direct or indirect contact. This may include wearing gloves and gowns when entering the patient's room and adhering to strict hand hygiene practices.
- [2.  Transmission of Disease and Strategies for Prevention and Control Overview of the Elements of Transmission](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/2-transmission-of-disease-and-strategies-for-prevention-and-control-overview-of-the-elements-of-transmission/): Concept of "The Chain of Infection". The chain of infection is a model that illustrates the events involved in transmitting an infectious agent from one host to another. Understanding the chain of infection is crucial for developing effective strategies to prevent and control the spread of communicable diseases in healthcare settings (CDC, 2021).
- [1. Professional Responsibility in Infection Control](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/1-professional-responsibility-in-infection-control/): New York State requires registered nurses to complete infection control and barrier precautions training every four years before initial licensing and maintenance for six years after leaving their position. The training must include engineering and work controls to prevent the transmission of HIV and HBV, as well as seven core elements jointly approved by the State Education Department and the Department of Health. 
- [Empathy: The Science of Knowing Others](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/empathy-the-science-of-knowing-others-2/): Empathy is a complex nursing intervention guided by a wide variety of moral, cognitive, affective and behavioral skills (Mercer & Reynolds, 2002).
- [The Importance of Empathy and Rapport](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/the-importance-of-empathy-and-rapport/): In today’s busy healthcare environments, the lack of time allocated for nursing care is a common barrier to establishing empathy and rapport.
- [Course Objective](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/course-objective/): Introduce key research and social trends highlighting the ongoing importance of empathy and rapport within nursing practice. Explore why care may sometimes lack empathy, briefly reviewing the concepts of stigma, discrimination, and distancing in modern care environments. Compare emotional and cognitive empathy styles, introducing key clinical skills known to strengthen therapeutic empathy within the research literature. Build awareness of the importance of rapport in caring for patients, reviewing communication skills and technological considerations for strengthening therapeutic alliance and collaboration in nursing practice. Discuss and reflect on the psychology of trust, reviewing both when and how trust may be broken, and how to recognize signs of mistrust within the therapeutic nurse-patient relationship. Discuss best practices for adapting communication to fit specific clinical contexts, including: developmental considerations; grief, loss and adjustment; mental health conditions; and, language and communication barriers. Consolidate existing knowledge of how to apply communication strategies to build empathy and rapport, promote information sharing and improve patient outcomes.
- [Course Description](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/course-description-2/)
- [Lesson](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/lesson-7/)
- [Empathy: The Science of Knowing Others](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/empathy-the-science-of-knowing-others/): As a nursing professional, you may believe that empathy is a basic skill.  Perhaps you can recall many of these concepts from your first-year nursing program.  It may surprise you to hear that empathy declines throughout health professional training (Kelm et al., 2014), with lowest level of empathy consistently reported among the most experienced health professionals (Kelm et al., 2014; Onofrei et al., 2023; Parsons et al., 2018).  Nursing professionals who center the patient’s experience around their own past experiences and emotions are also less likely to recognize negative emotions in any reliable way (Israelashvili et al., 2020a).  Conversely, empathy training programs are associated with increased patient satisfaction and adoption of empathic behaviours in nursing practice (Baisden & Gray, 2020; Sung & Kweon, 2022).
- [Learning Objectives](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/learning-objectives-7/): Explore key concepts and statistics related to empathy, stigma, discrimination, and distancing in modern care environments. Build awareness of the affective neuroscience underlying human connection, disconnection, and trust. Understand and explore common experiences of patients and providers within healthcare systems. List and describe evidence-based nursing interventions to enhance trust, safety and presence during care activities. Integrate knowledge of personal attributes and attitudes to build new understandings of how to best establish empathy and rapport. Demonstrate a basic awareness of how to apply therapeutic communication strategies to build empathy and rapport, promote information sharing and improve patient outcomes. Increase confidence to adapt communication approaches to fit specific clinical contexts, including: grief, loss and transitions of care, palliative and end-of-life care, language and communication barriers, and neurocognitive and mental health conditions.
- [Course Description](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/course-description/): From the patient’s perspective, the experience of communicating with healthcare professionals varies widely by demographics and individual patient characteristics (DeVoe et al., 2009).  Providers who maintain a relational approach to care, demonstrate empathy and work collaboratively with patients consistently produce higher patient satisfaction (Zolnierek & Dimatteo, 2009).  Overall, patients prefer to receive care from nurses who they feel understand them (Jani et al., 2012).  Many psychotherapeutic interventions in nursing also depend upon empathy and rapport for successful implementation.  Patients who feel understood are more likely to disclose important information about their health (Zolnierek & Dimatteo, 2009), participate in care planning conversations (Calvo et al., 2014; Nienhuis et al., 2018), and adhere to treatment recommendations (Derksen et al., 2013, 2017). 
- [Lesson](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/lesson-6/)
- [Influenza  Update](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/influenza-update/): Similarly, another respiratory virus, influenza, has been causing illness for many years. The firstH5N1 avian flu vaccine was formed to combat the virus. Over the years, even thoughpreventative measures have been in place, variants have been identified. For example, the H1N1swine flu virus in 2009 caused a worldwide outbreak. The vaccines are now given yearly, and thedifferent variants are considered to improve effectiveness and reduce poor health outcomes.High-risk patients include those over 65 years of age, those with chronic health conditions,pregnancy, disabled, HIV/AIDS, cancer, and some racial and ethnic groups (C.D.C., 2023d).As of 2023, the seasonal influenza activity has been relatively low, with 2.6% of the populationidentifying as positive (C.D.C., 2023d). In addition, using education to promote prevention hashelped successfully control the virus in the community.21There are several different kinds of influenza vaccines available. For those who are 65 years ofage or younger, there is no preferential recommendation or age-appropriate vaccine. Patientshave the choice of inactivated influenza vaccine (I.I.V.), recombinant influenza vaccine (R.I.V.),or live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) (C.D.C., 2022e). For 2023, those over 65 years ofage will have three flu vaccines that are preferred. They are Fluzone high dose quadrivalentvaccine, Flublok quadrivalent recombinant flu vaccine, and Fluad quadrivalent adjuvanted fluvaccine (C.D.C., 2022e). The benefits of the flu vaccine are that it can help patients prevent thevirus, reduce the severity of the virus, reduce the risk of hospitalization, is a preventative tool forhigh-risk patients, is lifesaving for children, and is community protective (C.D.C., 2022e).The same COVID-19 vaccine protocol for allergic reactions to the vaccine, reporting, anddocumentation applies to this vaccine. The administration policies and procedures for thevaccine have not changed. There is a small risk for Guillain-Barre syndrome with the influenzavaccine (C.D.C., 2022e). The Vaccine Information Statement (VIS) for the influenza vaccine isnot updated annually; the latest edition, 8/15/2019, is available on the Centers for DiseaseControl's website (C.D.C., 2022e).CLINICAL ALERTEveryone over 6 months should get an annual influenza vaccine yearly (C.D.C., 2023d).Communicating the latest research updates regarding vaccines and clinical implications benefitsthe patients, personnel, and community. There are several ways to keep in contact with thesurveillance of COVID-19 and Influenza to promote preventative health. FluView is a U.S.22government-based website that includes RESP-NET and N.S.S.P.'s Emergency DepartmentVisits of COVID-19 and Influenza and Respiratory Syncytial Virus websites (C.D.C., 2023d).Surveillance of these sites facilitates best practices that are in place when the infection rates areat their highest. Healthcare providers have facilitated positive health outcomes, and patienteducation has been successful over the last several years. According to the N.C.H.S., mortalityrates are going down by 9.4% due to deaths from pneumonia, influenza, or COVID-19. Asproviders of care, there is an inherent duty to stay abreast of the current changes and practices,particularly concerning the age spectrum and at-risk and underserved populations. Consideringtheir social determinants of health and the ability to have access to preventative care, especiallywith infectious diseases, is needed for communities to stay healthy. Healthcare providers are thefront line for community infection control, prevention education, and promoting best practices tohelp reduce vaccine hesitancy.
- [Best Practices For COVID 19 Vaccination](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/best-practices-for-covid-19-vaccination/): The best practices relate to the two most common forms of vaccine for providers to administerModerna and Pfizer.Storage12Storage of any of the vaccines needs to have light exposure minimized and avoid sunlight orultraviolet light (U.S. Food & Drug Administration, 2022: 2021).ModernaThe vaccine is frozen storage store and should be between -50°C to -15°C (-58°F to 5°F). Thevials may be stored refrigerated between 2°C to 8°C (36°F to 46°F) for up to 30 days before theirfirst use. The vials should be discarded 12 hours after the first puncture. The storage afterthawing should be at 2°C to 8°C (36°F to 46°F). If clinics must store them at 8°C to 25°C (46°Fto 77°F), they may only be stored for a total maximum of 24 hours.PfizerCartons of the vaccine may arrive frozen at ultra-cold conditions in thermal containers with dryice. Once received, frozen vials may be immediately moved to the refrigerator . They may be thawed and stored for up to 10 weeks. The carton may take up to 2 hoursto thaw. If frozen, they may be stored in an ultra-low temperature freezer at -90ºC to -60ºC (-130ºF to -76ºF) for up to 18 months. Do not store vials at -25°C to -15°C (-13°F to 5°F). If thecartons are delivered at a temperature of 2°C to 8°C (35ºF to 46ºF), they should be stored at 2°Cto 8°C (35ºF to 46ºF). Be aware of the 10-week refrigerated expiration date. They must bethawed at room temperature (up to 25°C (77ºF) for at least 30 minutes. They may be stored atroom temperature for 12 hours before dilution. When diluted, thevial should be 2ºC to 25°C (35°F to 77°F) and should be discarded after 12 hours.Neither manufacturer recommends that the vials be refrozen once thawed, but they can beexposed to room light.13TransportationModernaTransportation of thawed vials should be at 2°C to 8°C (36°F to 46°F). If transport at -50°C to -15°C (-58°F to 5°F) is not feasible, available data support transportation of one or more thawedvials for up to 12 hours at 2°C to 8°C (36°F to 46°F). Shipping containers must be qualified tomaintain 2°C to 8°C (36°F to 46°F) and under normal transport conditions with shaking, andvibration minimized. Once thawed and transported at 2°C to 8°C (36°F to 46°F), vials should notbe refrozen and should be stored at 2°C to 8°C (36°F to 46°F) until use. The vaccines must bethawed before administration either in the refrigerator at 2°C to 8°C (36°F to 46°F) or at roomtemperature 25°C (59°F to 77°F) for 45 minutes.PfizerTransportation of unmixed vials may be at -90°C to -60°C (-130°F to -76°F) or at 2°C to 8°C(35°F to 46°F).Mandatory Prior Patient EducationVaccination providers must communicate to their patients or their caregiver informationregarding the vaccine. Providers are required by law to provide a copy of or direct the patient tothe Vaccine “Fact Sheet for Recipients and Caregivers” on the U.S. Food and DrugAdministration’s website: Moderna www.modernatx.com/covid19vaccine-eua or Pfizerhttps://www.fda.gov/emergency-preparedness-and-response/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid19/pfizer-biontech-covid-19-vaccines#additional14The handout should be given to them before the individual receives each dose of the Moderna orPfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine. They must be aware that the vaccine is F.D.A. approved,they can refuse the vaccine, and they know the risks and benefits and any other alternatives forthem to take (U.S. Food & Drug Administration, 2022). Other free communication materialsmay be found on the Centers for Disease Control website (2021):https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/resource-center.htmlAdministrationAfter thawing, swirl the vial gently, and between each withdrawal, be sure not to shake thecontents or add any dilutant. Thoroughly inspect the vial visually for any particulate matter anddiscoloration before administration. The Moderna vaccine is white to off-white suspension incolor and may have a few tiny particulates. If it is discolored, do not administer it. Avoid poolingor combining excess vaccine from multiple vials. Record the date and time of first use on the viallabel and discard after 12 hours. The vaccine should be given intramuscularly with theappropriate mL dosing.DilutionFor the Pfizer vaccine, some vials require dilution to activate. The main series requires: (U.S.Food and Drug Administration, 2021)
- [Implicit Bias : High Risk Patients](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/implicit-bias-high-risk-patients/): Implicit Bias: High-Risk PatientsHigh-risk patients would be classified as immunocompromised due to a medical condition orhave a weak immune system which can influence their behaviors and outcomes. According tothe Centers for Disease Control (C.D.C., 2023b) when these patients are categorized and reviewfor implicit bias it was noted that these health disparities can potentially alter their clinicaldecision-making skills and safety which can cause these patients to become very sick withCOVID-19. Based on current evidence, these patients need to stay current on current vaccinerecommendations due to the high risk of hospitalization, need for intensive care, being ventilator11dependent, or dying (C.D.C., 2023b). Adults over 65 have an 81% higher death rate due toCOVID-19 (C.D.C., 2023c). Some patients may be more at risk due to where they work or liveassociated with limited healthcare access. Some at risk include racial and ethnic minority groupsdying from younger ages, those with multiple underlying medical conditions, and people withdisabilities (C.D.C., 2023c). High-risk patients can include those with: cancer, kidney disease,liver disease, lung disease, cystic fibrosis, dementia, neurological disorders, diabetes, heartdisease, H.I.V., inherited immunodeficiency, mental health issues, obesity, physical inactivity,pregnancy, sickle cell disease, smoker, organ transplant, stroke, substance use, tuberculosis,genetic disorders, or congenital heart disease (C.D.C., 2023c). These high-risk patients need towork with their providers for a plan of action based on their condition and should always call911 for emergency assistance if they become ill. Providers can use this download to facilitatetheir care (C.D.C., 2023b), https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/downloads/needs-extraprecautions/FS_COVID_Plan_FINAL.pdfCLINICAL ALERTAstra Zeneca Evusheld vaccine is not recommended for high-risk patients (C.D.C., 2023b).After clinical trials, it is not active against the current SARS-CoV-2 variants in the UnitedStates.
- [Bivalent Boosters](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/bivalent-boosters/): Bivalent BoostersAdding a second SARS-CoV-2 Omicron-specific bivalent COVID-19 vaccine booster producesa higher antibody titer for Omicron and other variants and protects against both types. Bothmajor drug companies have updated their vaccines to be bivalent and will continue to adapt them9each year with new variant adaptations. They are defined in the U.S. Food and DrugAdministration factsheets (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2022: 2021).Moderna COVID-19 Bivalent- (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2022)
- [Nonvaccinated and Vaccinated](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/nonvaccinated-and-vaccinated/): NonvaccinatedMonovalentFour original monovalent vaccines are currently approved by the U.S. Food and DrugAdministration (F.D.A.) in the United States (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2022).These monovalent COVID-19 vaccines have dramatically reduced hospitalizations and deaths.They are outlined in the fact sheets through the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (U.S. Food& Drug Administration, 2022: 2021).Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 (mRNA) Monovalent- {Now listed as Comirnaty BV}
- [COVID 19 Introduction](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/covid-19-introduction/): Part of the Office of Disease Prevention Healthy People 2030 goals is to prevent or reduce theseverity of infectious diseases by promoting vaccination (U.S.D.H.H.S., 2023a). As clinicians,we can promote a solid recommendation to keep current with vaccinations and provide educationregarding these vaccines to patients to facilitate informed decisions regarding their health. Wewill discuss the most current information on the COVID-19 and Influenza vaccines, includingclinical updates, vaccine recommendations, infection control practices, and best practicepreventative measures.COVID-19A massive pandemic began in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 with the spread of the SARSCoV-2 virus (C.D.C.P., 2022a). The novel respiratory coronavirus (COVID-19) spreadrampantly throughout communities worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) alertedglobal leaders and attempted to contain the virus in the existing outbreak areas (W.H.O., 2020).5Pharmaceutical companies instigated a rapid sequence to vaccine design and evaluation ofseveral vaccines that met rigorous, science-based standards to allow for emergency useauthorizations (U.S.D.H.&H.S., 2023). Prevention through the rapid rollout of vaccinationsuccessfully facilitated positive health outcomes and prevented the spread. There have beenongoing efforts to control and combat the virus; however, due to genetic variants such asOmicron and, most recently, the subvariant Orthrus (XBB1.5), the vaccines must change to adaptto the recent strain (W.H.O., 2023).
- [Learning Objectives](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/learning-objectives-6/): Review the current research on clinical updates of the COVID-19 and Influenza Vaccines. Summarize the new vaccine recommendations for the age spectrum and ensurepriority to at-risk and underserved populations. Define the essential infection control practices needed for the prevention of thespread. Demonstrate vaccine preventative measure education and outline best practices inthe clinic setting for all patients to reduce vaccine hesitancy.
- [References](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/references-5/): References
- [Common Herbal Medications](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/common-herbal-medications/): Aloe Vera
- [Drug Interactions](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/drug-interactions/): Pharmacokinetics
- [Transparency and Regulations](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/transparency-and-regulations/): Transparency of using herbal supplements
- [Introduction](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/introduction-10/): The U.S. National Institute of Health (2019), considers Complementary Alternative Medicine (CAM) as part of the approach to a whole-person health framework which is needed for optimum health. The desire to promote and maintain health has fostered the use of complementary methods, natural health products, and traditional medical treatment. Complementary methods of care include both traditional medicine and CAM combined to work together. These can include nutrition, psychological, physical, and combinations of treatments (NIHS, 2019). The nutritional aspect of CAM focuses on natural herbs, vitamins, minerals, and probiotics (NIHS, 2019). According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (2021), natural herbal supplements are increasingly common in the United States. Over half of the adult U.S. population (57.6%) use supplements, and women's (63.8%) use was higher than men's (50.8%) (NIHS, 2019; CDC, 2021). Therefore, using CAM can provide a complementary benefit to conventional medicine in practice.
- [Lesson](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/lesson-5/)
- [Learning Objectives](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/learning-objectives-5/): Review the definition of Complementary Alternative Medicine  Analyze the prevalence of herbal supplement use Discuss the historical use of herbal supplements Investigate safe and culturally appropriate use of herbal supplements Evaluate the regulatory issues surrounding herbal supplement usage as complementary treatment Appraise the most common herbal supplements using scientific medical principles Identify ways implicit bias impacts the care of those who use Complementary and Alternative Medicine
- [Activity Overview](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/activity-overview-4/): The U.S. National Institute of Health (2019), considers Complementary Alternative Medicine (CAM) as part of the approach to a whole-person health framework, which is needed for optimum health. Complementary methods of care include both traditional medicine and CAM combined. These can include nutrition, psychological, physical, and combinations of treatments (NIHS, 2019). The nutritional part of CAM focuses on natural herbs, vitamins, minerals, and probiotics (NIHS, 2019). According to the Centers for Disease Control using natural herbal supplements is increasingly common in the United States (2021). Over half of the adult U.S. population (57.6%) use supplements and women’s (63.8%) use was higher than men’s (50.8%)(CDC, 2021). Many research studies have been conducted over the years to identify which herbal supplements work. Some indications show a positive effect and outcome using them, however since the FDA does not regulate them, concern is prevalent regarding safety and efficacy. In this module, we will be reviewing the most common CAM along with their complimentary benefits to conventional medicine in practice.
- [Lesson](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/lesson-4/)
- [Steps in Developing Effective Patient Educational Material Design](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/steps-in-developing-effective-patient-educational-material-design/)
- [Introduction](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/introduction-9/): Patient educational materials help to improve the knowledge and understanding of their health condition and treatment plan. According to Healthy People 2030 (2023) one of the goals of health education included the improvement of personal health literacy and organizational health literacy. The goal is to use the health information and make informed decisions regarding their health care (USDHHS, 2023). Educational materials should provide clear and concise information that patients can easily understand to make informed decisions (Wittink & Oosterhaven, 2018). Literacy levels and cultural backgrounds must be included in the materials to promote understanding and inclusivity (CDC, 2022). Health is a complex concept that includes not only physical conditions but mental, emotional, and social influences that work together to attain balance. By using consumer education, providers can influence patients’ health by promoting good health habits, protection from injury, and preventative measures to avoid further illness and disease. Using consumer educational materials increases the patients’ engagement and empowers them to be well-informed which can make them more likely to actively participate in their care (Heath, 2022). 
- [Learning Objectives](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/learning-objectives-4/): Describe the importance of well-designed patient education materials including the Healthy People 2030 goals. Outline the principles of effective patient educational material design. Review the steps of designing patient educational materials.  Discuss the challenges of patient educational material design. Identify ways that implicit bias can impact patient education.  Identify ways that implicit bias can impact patient education.
- [Activity Overview](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/activity-overview-3/): Prevention is imperative to positive health outcomes regarding exposure to COVID-19 andthe Influenza viruses. In this educational module, an expert will discuss the most currentinformation on the COVID-19 and Influenza vaccines, including clinical updates, vaccinerecommendations, infection control practices, and best practice preventative measures. Partof the Office of Disease Prevention Healthy People 2030 goals is to prevent or reduce theseverity of these infectious diseases by promoting vaccination (U.S.D.H.H.S., 2023). Asclinicians, we can promote a solid recommendation to keep current with vaccinations andprovide education regarding these vaccines to patients to facilitate informed decisionsregarding their health.
- [Activity Overview](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/activity-overview-2/)
- [The Challenges of Defining Pornography and Obscenity](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/the-challenges-of-defining-pornography-and-obscenity/): Pornography addiction can be described as an emotional dependence on pornography that adversely affects physical and mental health and interpersonal relationships. Affected individuals may also become dissatisfied with their sex life or participate in risky sexual behaviors (Litner, 2023).
- [Incidence and Prevalence of Pornography Use](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/incidence-and-prevalence-of-pornography-use/): Statistics pertaining to gender-identification include (Cox et al., 2022; Robb-Dover, 2023):
- [Federal Laws Pertaining to Pornography](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/federal-laws-pertaining-to-pornography/): Obscenity and pornography are some of the most controversial and baffling areas of the First Amendment law. The First Amendment mandates that “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances” (Constitution Annotated, n.d.).
- [Warning Signs, Risk Factors, Possible Causes, and Diagnosis](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/warning-signs-risk-factors-possible-causes-and-diagnosis/): Scientists have identified warning signs of possible pornography addiction. They are also investigating possible causes of the addiction and how pornography addiction can be treated.
- [Impact of Pornography Addiction](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/impact-of-pornography-addiction/): Withdrawal Symptoms
- [Treatment for Pornography Addiction](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/treatment-for-pornography-addiction/): Recovery from pornography addiction is not easy. It typically requires a multi-faceted approach and ongoing, long-term commitment.
- [Tips for Talking with People Dealing with Pornography Addiction](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/tips-for-talking-with-people-dealing-with-pornography-addiction/): Talking to Adults
- [Conclusion & References](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/conclusion-references-4/): There is not a single “cure” for pornography addiction. Recognizing the signs and impacts of pornography is critical to the understanding of how pornography influences quality of life.
- [Introduction](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/introduction-8/): Pornography addiction can present itself in many different ways, such as excessively viewing of pornography or compulsive masturbation (Barber, 2021).
- [Evaluation & References](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/evaluation-references-2/): Alspach J. G. (2018). Implicit Bias in Patient Care: An Endemic Blight on Quality Care. Critical care nurse, 38(4), 12–16. https://doi.org/10.4037/ccn2018698
- [Evaluation & References](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/evaluation-references/): American Psychological Association (APA). (2023). Stress & Trauma Toolkit for Treating LGBTQ in a Changing Political and Social Environment. Retrieved on April 5, 2023
- [Evluation & References](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/evluation-references/): Aboagye, E., Björklund, C., Gustafsson, K., Hagberg, J., Aronsson, G., Marklund, S., Leineweber, C.; Bergström, G..(2019). Exhaustion and Impaired Work Performance in the Workplace: Associations With Presenteeism and Absenteeism. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 61(11):p e438-e444, DOI 10.1097/JOM.0000000000001701
- [Overview of SUD](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/overview-of-sud/): The pathophysiology of SUD is incredibly complex. It involves many neurobiological mechanisms in various parts of the brain, genetics and epigenetic changes, and psychosocial aspects (Uhl, Koob, & Cable, 2019). It is outside of the scope of this article to comprehensively cover all of these topics, however, a general overview will be discussed to aid in understanding the clinical manifestations of the disease and targeted treatment.
- [Historical Perspective of SUD and Shifting Trends](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/historical-perspective-of-sud-and-shifting-trends/): The history of substance use is as long as human history itself. While it is not within the scope of this article to provide an in-depth look at the long and complex relationship people have with substances, some general historical context will be provided to frame the shift in approaches that shape today’s treatment of SUD. This relationship looks different across cultures depending on the substance type plus religious, geographical, sociopolitical, cultural, and industrial influences. In the United States, it wasn’t until the mid-1800s that substance use began to be looked upon as socially displeasing. In the early 20th century, some substances were criminalized (Robinson & Adinoff, 2016).
- [Introduction](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/introduction-7/): Substance use disorder (SUD) is a complex condition characterized by a cluster of cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms indicating an uncontrolled use of a substance despite harmful consequences. Though significant impairments in daily functioning set in, people with SUD typically present with an intense focus on these substances. The diagnosis of SUDs can be applied to alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, hallucinogens, inhalants, opioids, sedatives, and stimulant use (APA, 2013). According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA, 2022), millions of Americans ages 12 and up suffer from SUD. For nurses, the rate of SUDs closely mirrors that of the general population. Prescription medications, including opioids, are more frequently misused by nurses compared to the general population (Trinkoff et al., 2022).
- [References](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/references-8/): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (2020). Health literacy universal precautions toolkit, 2nd ed. https://www.ahrq.gov/health-literacy/improve/precautions/tool11.html
- [Conclusion & References](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/conclusion-references-3/): With the many advances in obesity science and the pervasive misunderstanding of obesity as a disease, nurses play an important role in bridging the gap between the evidence and practice to improve patient outcomes. Nurses must understand the many factors that influence weight, reflect on their own biases, and implement evidence-based strategies to effectively care for patients with overweight and obesity. Obesity science is ever changing and it is important for all healthcare workers to keep up with advances over time.
- [Engagement Between Nurses and Patients Living with Obesity](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/engagement-between-nurses-and-patients-living-with-obesity/): Individuals with overweight or obesity face stigma in their communities and workplaces and children with obesity are often bullied and teased (Hampl, et. al, 2023). This can lead to increases in binge eating, decreased socialization, lower levels of physical activity, and increased mood and anxiety disorders, which further exacerbate obesity (Albury et al., 2020; Rubino et al., 2020).
- [Treatment](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/treatment/): Because there are so many processes involved in how much a person weighs, healthcare providers must consider many factors when recommending treatment or lifestyle changes for being overweight or obese (Wharton et al., 2020).
- [Weight-Related Compilications and Comorbodities](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/weight-related-compilications-and-comorbodities/): Patients overweight or obese should be assessed for CVD by a comprehensive history, physical examination, and additional testing or referrals depending on the severity of the risk (Garvey, 2016). This includes coronary artery disease, heart failure, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia (Perreault & Laferrère, 2021). In CVD, it is likely that obesity interacts with other risk factors in varying degrees differently in each person. Obesity-associated changes that might contribute to CVD risk include insulin resistance, lipid abnormalities, elevations in blood pressure, left ventricular dysfunction, sleep disorders, increase in inflammatory processes, sympathetic nervous system activation, and endothelial dysfunction (Medina-Inojosa, Lavie, & Lopez-Jimenez, 2022).
- [Clinical Presentation](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/clinical-presentation/): A complete history is imperative to identify the root causes of excess adiposity including physical, psychosocial, and environmental factors. A comprehensive physical exam should be completed and laboratory or imaging diagnostics should be done per the clinical judgment of the healthcare provider (Wharton et al., 2020). If the patient is open to discussing their weight, assess their goals and the reasons for wanting to lose weight, prior attempts at weight loss, and current dietary and physical activity activities (Tucker et al., 2021).
- [Pathophysiology](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/pathophysiology-2/): Society and medicine have historically viewed obesity as a reversible consequence of actions related to nutrition and physical activity, but numerous high-quality studies show that it has a multifactorial etiology including genetic, physiologic, socioeconomic, and environmental factors (Hampl, et. al, 2023).
- [Introduction](https://platinumlearningce.org/lessons/introduction-6/): Obesity is a chronic relapsing disease with a complex pathophysiology that affects all age groups and is often misunderstood by nurses and other healthcare workers (Jastreboff et al., 2019). The occurrence and burden of obesity among adults and children is a priority for national and global population health. The United States has the highest obesity rates in the world (Mechanick et al., 2019,  Tronieri et al., 2019), making it one of the most common chronic illnesses (Hampl et al., 2023).

## Topics
- [Topic no 2](https://platinumlearningce.org/topic/topic-no-2/)
- [Topic no 1](https://platinumlearningce.org/topic/topic-no-1/)
- [Rapport: The Art of Caring for Patients](https://platinumlearningce.org/topic/rapport-the-art-of-caring-for-patients/): In the previous section, we learned that empathy allows us to recognize emotions, grow deeper understandings of other people, and acknowledge differences between our self and others (Malezieux et al., 2023).  We have not yet discussed how empathy produces a supportive relationship between the nurse and patient, also known as rapport (Figure 5).
- [Cognitive empathy](https://platinumlearningce.org/topic/cognitive-empathy/): Cognitive empathy (i.e., rationalization or perspective-taking) is closely related to the popular expression: “Before you judge someone, walk a mile in their shoes”.  In this case, a nurse may be cautioned to understand the patient’s perspective before deciding on the underlying causes of the patient’s own behavior.  As you have likely learned some time ago, cognitive empathy requires nurses to evaluate the patient’s perspective in an objective manner.  Cognitive empathy, therefore, is the most discussed form of empathy employed within most psychiatric and clinical interviewing.
- [Emotional empathy](https://platinumlearningce.org/topic/emotional-empathy-2/): Earlier in this module, it was noted that emotional empathy (i.e., affective empathy or emotional contagion) was one of two types of empathy nurses may express.  This type of empathy maintains a close connection to our emotions and internal body states (Eslinger et al., 2021).
- [The impact of stigma and discrimination](https://platinumlearningce.org/topic/the-impact-of-stigma-and-discrimination/): Discrimination and stigma are unfortunately common experiences within healthcare settings. 
- [The impact of burnout, exhaustion, and stress](https://platinumlearningce.org/topic/the-impact-of-burnout-exhaustion-and-stress/): Burnout is associated with reductions in the physical and psychological well-being of nursing staff (Dulko & Kohal, 2022), and can result from prolonged emotional exhaustion at work (Botha et al., 2015).  In recent years, the nursing profession has raised alarm about the cumulative negative impacts of work-related stress and burnout (Kelly & Tyson, 2016). 
- [The persuasive power of rapport](https://platinumlearningce.org/topic/the-persuasive-power-of-rapport/): Research also supports the long-term, positive effects of therapeutic nurse-patient relationships on patient adherence to treatment.
- [The healing power of empathy](https://platinumlearningce.org/topic/the-healing-power-of-empathy/): Research supports the long-term, positive effects of therapeutic empathy.
- [Statistics on empathy in care](https://platinumlearningce.org/topic/statistics-on-empathy-in-care-2/): As you know, empathy is baked into the history and culture of nursing.
- [Emotional contagion and emotional reactivity](https://platinumlearningce.org/topic/emotional-contagion-and-emotional-reactivity/): When nursing staff are emotionally affected by a patient’s experience, emotional empathy is likely in play.  Eslinger et al. (2021) confirmed that perception of strong ‘other’ emotions – such as empathic concern for a patient – are clearly measurable within functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies as if the nurse themselves was experiencing the event.  Sharing in the patient’s experience, however, may paradoxically reduce the nurse’s accuracy in describing the patient’s underlying emotional state (Israelashvili et al., 2020a).
- [Emotional empathy](https://platinumlearningce.org/topic/emotional-empathy/): Earlier in this module, it was noted that emotional empathy (i.e., affective empathy or emotional contagion) was one of two types of empathy nurses may express.  Since empathy is a social emotion, it maintains close connections to our internal emotions and body states (Eslinger et al., 2021).
- [Empathy as the foundation of nursing care](https://platinumlearningce.org/topic/empathy-as-the-foundation-of-nursing-care/): Nursing was founded on the premise of ‘caring for’ patients. Since 1975, Jean Watson’s Theory of Human Caring has continued to position ‘human caring’ at the foundation of nursing care (Akbari & Nasiri, 2022).  These ideals of care, however, were largely synonymous with processes for empathy and compassion.  Watson continued to refine her theory, eventually describing ten Caritas® processes in an attempt to better describe the care work adopted by nurses (Perkins, 2021).  Today, Watson’s theory asserts that the nurse and  patient and environment have  “braided streams of consciousness melds human-environment, potentiating health, healing, love, and compassion” (Perkins, 2021, p. 157).  This rather philosophical definition of nursing care – and empathic concern for patients – is what this course intends to explore.
- [Statistics on empathy in care](https://platinumlearningce.org/topic/statistics-on-empathy-in-care/): Since the COVID-19 pandemic, increased public attention has been placed on patient dissatisfaction with the health care system – see Figure 1.  DeVoe et al. (2009) noted these trends long before the pandemic, arguing that there was a large disparity between patient experiences and perceptions of empathy in healthcare settings.  While nursing was founded on an ethic of care, patients who are the most socio-economically disadvantaged are also the least likely to experience a strong feeling of empathy and rapport from their provider (DeVoe et al., 2009).
- [Topic](https://platinumlearningce.org/topic/topic/)
- [Implicit Bias](https://platinumlearningce.org/topic/implicit-bias/): Implicit biases held by healthcare providers can contribute to health disparities, where certain groups receive unequal access to information, resources, and quality care. Patient education efforts may be less targeted or effective for marginalized populations, exacerbating existing health inequalities. Another way that bias can influence patient education is through power dynamics between healthcare providers and patients. This affects shared decision-making. Patients from marginalized groups may feel disempowered or less likely to advocate for their preferences, impacting their engagement in the healthcare decision-making process. Additionally, the distribution of educational materials and resources may be biased, with certain groups having limited access to relevant and comprehensible health information. This can hinder patients' ability to make informed decisions about their health. Bias can erode trust in the patient-provider relationship. Patients who perceive bias may be less likely to follow medical advice, attend appointments, or engage in ongoing health management.
- [Step 7: Evaluation](https://platinumlearningce.org/topic/step-7-evaluation/): The education should be designed with a way to measure the learning that occurs such as obtaining knowledge they learned, such as asking more detailed questions after the information was given to them. The best way to evaluate if a patient understands teaching is by using the teach-back method. These types of evaluative measures can help identify whether the gap was narrowed or completely closed (Hendricks-Jackson & Hawkes, 2017). 
- [Step 6: Create the Materials](https://platinumlearningce.org/topic/step-6-create-the-materials/): There are many factors that one must consider while developing the learning materials, including appropriate language, graphics, and organization. Utilizing plain language and incorporating visuals can enhance clarity and comprehension, leading to more effective education. Patients retain more information when they see the information than when they just hear it. According to Edgar Dale, only 10% of people remember what they read, 20% remember what they hear, 30 % of what they see, 50% of what they see and hear, 70% of what they say, and 90 % of what they say and do (Lee & Reeves, 2007). However, 90% of communication is nonverbal (Wyzowl, 2022). Healthcare providers should consider these implications when designing patient education. Using Edgar Dale’s cone of experience model helps to explain the principles that need to be used to show how learning progresses from concrete to abstract (Dale, 1969; Lee & Reeves, 2007). 
- [Step 5: Choosing the Format](https://platinumlearningce.org/topic/step-5-choosing-the-format/): Decide on the format of the materials (e.g., brochures, pamphlets, videos, interactive websites, or mobile apps) based on the preferences and needs of the target audience and the resources that are available in the setting.
- [Step 4: Define Specific Learning Objectives](https://platinumlearningce.org/topic/step-4-define-specific-learning-objectives/): Next, specific learning objectives are defined to further guide the development of content and help assess the effectiveness of the materials. The revised Bloom's taxonomy is used to help identify what knowledge and skills patients get from the educational activity (Hendricks-Jackson & Hawkes, 2017). Bloom uses certain descriptors of behavior that increase cognitive skill as the tasks get harder such as with the return demonstration type of education. When writing the outcome, the descriptor word is used and added to the activity that they are supposed to be doing to meet the outcome. Some descriptive words that can be used is shown in Table 2.
- [Step 3: The Needs Assessment](https://platinumlearningce.org/topic/step-3-the-needs-assessment/): Needs assessment data
- [Step 2: Identify the learners](https://platinumlearningce.org/topic/step-2-identify-the-learners/): Understanding the characteristics, needs, and literacy levels of the audience is the next step in creating education materials for patients. Tailor the content to be culturally sensitive and appropriate for the audience's educational background.
- [Step 1: Identify the Purpose and Goals](https://platinumlearningce.org/topic/step-1-identify-the-purpose-and-goals/): Developing effective patient education materials involves careful planning, clear communication, and consideration of the target audience. The purpose and scope of the materials should focus on the gap in knowledge for the patient. They must include information based on knowledge, skills, and behaviors needed to adhere to their health goals. The learning outcomes describe the overall goal and purpose of the education as well as the impact of the education taught. Learning outcomes need to include: a way to be measured, be positive outcome driven, active learner-focused, describe what the learner should be able to do, frame the educational activity, and show a measurable way that the gap was closed (Hendricks-Jackson & Hawkes, 2017). Typically, outcomes are SMART: an acronym that means one that is specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, and has a time element (Hendricks-Jackson & Hawkes, 2017). A knowledge gap evaluation example would be: “The patient will demonstrate knowledge of the medication administration timing handout by asking more detailed questions before the end of the visit.” These types of learning outcomes with evaluation can be put into the patient’s medical records to show the patient has had a positive outcome due to that educational activity.
- [Screening Tools and Assessment Methods](https://platinumlearningce.org/topic/screening-tools-and-assessment-methods/)
- [Risk Factors](https://platinumlearningce.org/topic/risk-factors/)
- [Multiple Causes](https://platinumlearningce.org/topic/multiple-causes/)
- [Less Common Causes](https://platinumlearningce.org/topic/less-common-causes/)
- [Genetic Factors and Familial Patterns](https://platinumlearningce.org/topic/genetic-factors-and-familial-patterns/)
- [Traumatic, Infectious, and Metabolic Causes](https://platinumlearningce.org/topic/traumatic-infectious-and-metabolic-causes/)
- [Vascular Causes](https://platinumlearningce.org/topic/vascular-causes/)
- [Neurodegenerative Causes](https://platinumlearningce.org/topic/neurodegenerative-causes/)
- [Stigma](https://platinumlearningce.org/topic/stigma/): Neurocognitive disorders have unfortunately been associated with various forms of stigma for centuries. Stigma refers to negative attitudes, beliefs, stereotypes, and discriminatory behaviors that are directed toward individuals or groups based on certain characteristics or conditions. Many people lack knowledge and understanding about neurocognitive disorders, leading to misconceptions and stereotypes. This lack of awareness can contribute to fear, anxiety, and negative attitudes towards individuals with these conditions (Rewerska-Ju?ko & Rejdak, 2020).
- [Historical Perspective](https://platinumlearningce.org/topic/historical-perspective/): The diagnosis and understanding of neurocognitive disorders have evolved significantly over time. Descriptions of cognitive decline resembling neurocognitive disorders can be found in ancient civilizations; however, the concept of neurocognitive disorders as a distinct medical condition was not well-defined during this period. It wasn’t until the early 19th century, that the term "senile dementia" was coined by French physician Jean Étienne Dominique Esquirol. He recognized that older individuals could experience progressive cognitive decline without an apparent cause. This marked the first attempt to classify dementia as a distinct disorder (Vatanabe, Manzine, & Cominetti, 2020).
- [Mild and Major Cognitive Impairment](https://platinumlearningce.org/topic/mild-and-major-cognitive-impairment/): Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and major cognitive impairment, often referred to as dementia, represent different stages of cognitive decline. What differentiates the two is mainly the severity of symptoms and how much those manifestations impact the patient’s everyday life. MCI refers to a noticeable decline in cognitive abilities that is greater than expected for an individual's age and educational background but does not significantly interfere with daily functioning. It is the state in between normal cognition and major cognitive impairment. Not all individuals with MCI will progress to major neurocognitive disorders, but they have a higher risk compared to those without MCI (Peterson, 2023).

## Quizzes
- [Final quiz](https://platinumlearningce.org/quizzes/final-quiz/)
- [Self-Assessment Quiz](https://platinumlearningce.org/quizzes/self-assessment-quiz/)
- [Case Study](https://platinumlearningce.org/quizzes/case-study-4/): A healthcare facility's central sterilization department recently purchased a new type of surgical instrument. The manufacturer's instructions for reprocessing the instrument include a specific type of cleaning brush and a longer-than-usual sterilization cycle time.
- [Case Study](https://platinumlearningce.org/quizzes/case-study-3/): A nurse is preparing to enter the room of a patient with a suspected viral
- [Case Study](https://platinumlearningce.org/quizzes/case-study-2/): A healthcare worker is preparing to enter the room of a patient with suspected active tuberculosis. The patient has a frequent cough and is not able to contain their respiratory secretions.
- [Case Study](https://platinumlearningce.org/quizzes/case-study/): A nurse on a medical-surgical unit notices that a colleague has been inconsistently performing hand hygiene before and after patient contact. The nurse is concerned about the potential risk to patients but is unsure how to address the situation.
- [Post Test](https://platinumlearningce.org/quizzes/post-test/)
- [Elective Quiz](https://platinumlearningce.org/quizzes/elective-quiz/): When discussing preventative care with a new patient a nurse explains which items are considered primary prevention habits that they can do for their health: (Select all that apply) Annual mammogram Cholesterol screening Healthy eating habits Keep physical therapy appointments Get a colonoscopy A triage nurse who is employed by a cardiology office is asked by the healthcare providers to develop a publication to educate patients regarding the Healthy Heart campaign and healthy heart habits. Which of the following types of educational methods would be most effective?  Check out several library books for that month on heart health and leave them in the exam rooms Design a fact sheet and post it on the wall in the exam room Create a handout to be given to the patient at the checkout window on heart habits Create a brochure to give the patient when the provider is in the room A patient who was recently diagnosed with diabetes is starting insulin. After the nurse teaches them to use their insulin pen, which of the following is the best way to assess if the patient understood the teaching?  Provide the patient with a phone number to call if concerns arise.  Ask the patient to demonstrate insulin administration. Ask the patient if they have any additional questions. Ask the patient if they understood. Mr. Gonzolas returns to the clinic today for a follow-up exam. His translator has come with him to the clinic for assistance. He was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at his last visit and has been on Synthroid. Upon discussing his treatment plan with the interpreter, it is noted that after the 30-day supply of Synthroid was taken he described feeling much better, but the symptoms had returned. When asked further if he had obtained his refills he was unaware of needing to get refills. What would be the best type of education for this patient?  Language-appropriate educational pamphlet Video about the importance of taking medications Direct him to a website Teach back method using the interpreter for assistance Which of the following best describes the way(s) implicit bias can impact patient education? (Select all that apply) Education efforts may be less effective for marginalized populations. Make patients more likely to follow medical advice.  Negative impact on shared decision-making between patients and providers. There may be unequal access to health information. Improves health disparities in marginalized groups.

## Certificates
- [Nursing Management of Patients Using Marijuana and Other Cannabis Products](https://platinumlearningce.org/certificates/nursing-management-of-patients-using-marijuana-and-other-cannabis-products/): THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT
- [Enhancing Empathy and Rapport for Nursing Care](https://platinumlearningce.org/certificates/enhancing-empathy-and-rapport-for-nursing-care/): THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT
- [Infection Control and Barrier Precautions](https://platinumlearningce.org/certificates/infection-control-and-barrier-precautions/): THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT
- [Medical Error Prevention](https://platinumlearningce.org/certificates/medical-error-prevention/): THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT
- [The Impact of Advances in Obesity Science on Nursing Care](https://platinumlearningce.org/certificates/the-impact-of-advances-in-obesity-science-on-nursing-care/): THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT
- [Complimentary Alternative Medicine (Dietary Supplements)](https://platinumlearningce.org/certificates/complimentary-alternative-medicine-dietary-supplements/): THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT
- [Developing Effective Patient Education](https://platinumlearningce.org/certificates/developing-effective-patient-education/): THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT
- [Recognizing Implicit Bias and Its Effects on Nursing Care](https://platinumlearningce.org/certificates/recognizing-implicit-bias-and-its-effects-on-nursing-care/): THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT
- [Resilience in Nursing](https://platinumlearningce.org/certificates/resilience-in-nursing/): THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT
- [Substance Use Disorders and Implications for Nursing](https://platinumlearningce.org/certificates/certificate-copy/): THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT
- [Neurocognitive Disorders: A Review](https://platinumlearningce.org/certificates/neurocognitive-disorders-a-review/): THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT
- [HIV Primary Care: A Review](https://platinumlearningce.org/certificates/hiv-primary-care-a-review/): THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT
- [Nursing Care for Patients Who Have Experienced Trauma](https://platinumlearningce.org/certificates/nursing-care-for-patients-who-have-experienced-trauma/): THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT
- [Domestic Violence, a Significant Public Health Problem](https://platinumlearningce.org/certificates/domestic-violence-a-significant-public-health-problem/): THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT
- [Chronic Pain: Assessment and Management](https://platinumlearningce.org/certificates/chronic-pain-assessment-and-management/): THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT
- [Preventative Care: Annual COVID and Flu Updates](https://platinumlearningce.org/certificates/preventative-care-annual-covid-and-flu-updates/): THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT
- [Pornography Addiction: Recognition and Treatment](https://platinumlearningce.org/certificates/certificate/): THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT

## Groups
- [California Licensed Psychiatric Technicians CE Package](https://platinumlearningce.org/groups/california-licensed-psychiatric-technicians-ce-package/)
- [California Licensed Vocational Nurse CE Package](https://platinumlearningce.org/groups/california-licensed-vocational-nurse-ce-package/)
- [California Registered Nurse CE Package](https://platinumlearningce.org/groups/california-registered-nurse-ce-package/)
- [Complete Membership Package](https://platinumlearningce.org/groups/complete-membership-package/)